Language Disorder

Aphasia is disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. For most people, these are areas on the left side (hemisphere) of the brain. Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor, an infection, or dementia. The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage.

1. Who has aphasia?

Anyone can acquire aphasia, including children, but most people who have aphasia are middle-aged or older. Men and women are equally affected. According to the National Aphasia Association, approximately 80,000 individuals acquire aphasia each year from strokes. About one million people in the United States currently have aphasia. 

2. What causes aphasia?

Aphasia is caused by damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain. Many times, the cause of the brain injury is a stroke. A stroke occurs when blood is unable to reach a part of the brain. Brain cells die when they do not receive their normal supply of blood, which carries oxygen and important nutrients. Other causes of brain injury are severe blows to the head, brain tumors, brain infections, and other conditions that affect the brain.

3. What types of aphasia are there?

There are two broad categories of aphasia: fluent and non-fluent.

Damage to the temporal lobe (the side portion) of the brain may result in a fluent aphasia called Wernicke’s aphasia (see figure). In most people, the damage occurs in the left temporal lobe, although it can result from damage to the right lobe as well. People with Wernicke’s aphasia may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create made-up words. For example, someone with Wernicke’s aphasia may say, “You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before.” As a result, it is often difficult to follow what the person is trying to say. People with Wernicke’s aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding speech, and they are often unaware of their mistakes. These individuals usually have no body weakness because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement.

A type of non-fluent aphasia is Broca’s aphasia. People with Broca’s aphasia have damage to the frontal lobe of the brain. They frequently speak in short phrases that make sense but are produced with great effort. They often omit small words such as “is,” “and,” and “the.” For example, a person with Broca’s aphasia may say, “Walk dog,” meaning, “I will take the dog for a walk,” or “book book two table,” for “There are two books on the table.” People with Broca’s aphasia typically understand the speech of others fairly well. Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated. People with Broca’s aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg because the frontal lobe is also important for motor movements.

Another type of non-fluent aphasia, global aphasia, results from damage to extensive portions of the language areas of the brain. Individuals with global aphasia have severe communication difficulties and may be extremely limited in their ability to speak or comprehend language.

There are other types of aphasia, each of which results from damage to different language areas in the brain. Some people may have difficulty repeating words and sentences even though they can speak and they understand the meaning of the word or sentence. Others may have difficulty naming objects even though they know what the object is and what it may be used for.

4. How is aphasia diagnosed?

Aphasia is usually first recognized by the physician who treats the person for his or her brain injury.Frequently this is a neurologist. The physician typically performs tests that require the person to follow commands, answer questions, name objects, and carry on a conversation. If the physician suspects aphasia, the patient is often referred to a speech-language pathologist, who performs a comprehensive examination of the person’s communication abilities. The examination includes the person’s ability to speak, express ideas, converse socially, understand language, read, and write, as well as the ability to swallow and to use alternative and augmentative communication.

Tony Blank: Does he experience an aphasia?

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Language Disorder

Aphasia is disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. For most people, these are areas on the left side (hemisphere) of the brain. Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor, an infection, or dementia. The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage.

1. Who has aphasia?

Anyone can acquire aphasia, including children, but most people who have aphasia are middle-aged or older. Men and women are equally affected. According to the National Aphasia Association, approximately 80,000 individuals acquire aphasia each year from strokes. About one million people in the United States currently have aphasia. 

2. What causes aphasia?

Aphasia is caused by damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain. Many times, the cause of the brain injury is a stroke. A stroke occurs when blood is unable to reach a part of the brain. Brain cells die when they do not receive their normal supply of blood, which carries oxygen and important nutrients. Other causes of brain injury are severe blows to the head, brain tumors, brain infections, and other conditions that affect the brain.

3. What types of aphasia are there?

There are two broad categories of aphasia: fluent and non-fluent.

Damage to the temporal lobe (the side portion) of the brain may result in a fluent aphasia called Wernicke’s aphasia (see figure). In most people, the damage occurs in the left temporal lobe, although it can result from damage to the right lobe as well. People with Wernicke’s aphasia may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create made-up words. For example, someone with Wernicke’s aphasia may say, “You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before.” As a result, it is often difficult to follow what the person is trying to say. People with Wernicke’s aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding speech, and they are often unaware of their mistakes. These individuals usually have no body weakness because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement.

A type of non-fluent aphasia is Broca’s aphasia. People with Broca’s aphasia have damage to the frontal lobe of the brain. They frequently speak in short phrases that make sense but are produced with great effort. They often omit small words such as “is,” “and,” and “the.” For example, a person with Broca’s aphasia may say, “Walk dog,” meaning, “I will take the dog for a walk,” or “book book two table,” for “There are two books on the table.” People with Broca’s aphasia typically understand the speech of others fairly well. Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated. People with Broca’s aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg because the frontal lobe is also important for motor movements.

Another type of non-fluent aphasia, global aphasia, results from damage to extensive portions of the language areas of the brain. Individuals with global aphasia have severe communication difficulties and may be extremely limited in their ability to speak or comprehend language.

There are other types of aphasia, each of which results from damage to different language areas in the brain. Some people may have difficulty repeating words and sentences even though they can speak and they understand the meaning of the word or sentence. Others may have difficulty naming objects even though they know what the object is and what it may be used for.

4. How is aphasia diagnosed?

Aphasia is usually first recognized by the physician who treats the person for his or her brain injury.Frequently this is a neurologist. The physician typically performs tests that require the person to follow commands, answer questions, name objects, and carry on a conversation. If the physician suspects aphasia, the patient is often referred to a speech-language pathologist, who performs a comprehensive examination of the person’s communication abilities. The examination includes the person’s ability to speak, express ideas, converse socially, understand language, read, and write, as well as the ability to swallow and to use alternative and augmentative communication. 

Sources

Aphasia as Language Disorder

Aphasia is disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. For most people, these are areas on the left side (hemisphere) of the brain. Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor, an infection, or dementia. The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage.

1. Who has aphasia?

Anyone can acquire aphasia, including children, but most people who have aphasia are middle-aged or older. Men and women are equally affected. According to the National Aphasia Association, approximately 80,000 individuals acquire aphasia each year from strokes. About one million people in the United States currently have aphasia. 

2. What causes aphasia?

Aphasia is caused by damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain. Many times, the cause of the brain injury is a stroke. A stroke occurs when blood is unable to reach a part of the brain. Brain cells die when they do not receive their normal supply of blood, which carries oxygen and important nutrients. Other causes of brain injury are severe blows to the head, brain tumors, brain infections, and other conditions that affect the brain.

3. What types of aphasia are there?

There are two broad categories of aphasia: fluent and non-fluent.

Damage to the temporal lobe (the side portion) of the brain may result in a fluent aphasia called Wernicke’s aphasia (see figure). In most people, the damage occurs in the left temporal lobe, although it can result from damage to the right lobe as well. People with Wernicke’s aphasia may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create made-up words. For example, someone with Wernicke’s aphasia may say, “You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before.” As a result, it is often difficult to follow what the person is trying to say. People with Wernicke’s aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding speech, and they are often unaware of their mistakes. These individuals usually have no body weakness because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement.

A type of non-fluent aphasia is Broca’s aphasia. People with Broca’s aphasia have damage to the frontal lobe of the brain. They frequently speak in short phrases that make sense but are produced with great effort. They often omit small words such as “is,” “and,” and “the.” For example, a person with Broca’s aphasia may say, “Walk dog,” meaning, “I will take the dog for a walk,” or “book book two table,” for “There are two books on the table.” People with Broca’s aphasia typically understand the speech of others fairly well. Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated. People with Broca’s aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg because the frontal lobe is also important for motor movements.

Another type of non-fluent aphasia, global aphasia, results from damage to extensive portions of the language areas of the brain. Individuals with global aphasia have severe communication difficulties and may be extremely limited in their ability to speak or comprehend language.

There are other types of aphasia, each of which results from damage to different language areas in the brain. Some people may have difficulty repeating words and sentences even though they can speak and they understand the meaning of the word or sentence. Others may have difficulty naming objects even though they know what the object is and what it may be used for.

4. How is aphasia diagnosed?

Aphasia is usually first recognized by the physician who treats the person for his or her brain injury.Frequently this is a neurologist. The physician typically performs tests that require the person to follow commands, answer questions, name objects, and carry on a conversation. If the physician suspects aphasia, the patient is often referred to a speech-language pathologist, who performs a comprehensive examination of the person’s communication abilities. The examination includes the person’s ability to speak, express ideas, converse socially, understand language, read, and write, as well as the ability to swallow and to use alternative and augmentative communication. 

Celoteh Skripsi

Tar dulu lah, gampang... eh, tar deh nonton dulu.. makan dulu.. mending dengerin musik, telfon temen dulu, jajan dulu.. gak ada abisnya.. ckckck. Susah banget ya ngerjain skripsi? bukan susah mamen, tapi hal yang paling sulit, dan mungkin hal yang paling penting dan utama biasanya adalah ketidak mampuan kita untuk memaksa diri agar lebih tekun dan lebih giat lagi. Mungkin bahasa psikologinya, cara memotivasi diri. Kamu boleh setuju boleh juga engga, karena setiap orang punya alesan kenapa mereka berlarut" dalam menyelesaikan skripsinya. Tapi setidaknya, itulah yang ane rasakan dan mungkin hal yang sama bagi beberapa orang..(jah, nyari temen..haha)

Pernah satu kali ane jalan2 ke toko buku sama temen, dan waktu ngeliat buku yang judulnya cara memotivasi diri.."
si temen nyeleuk "kayaknya aku butuh buku itu deh"
ane: "kenapa?"
si temen: "biar aku bisa ngerjain skripsi"
hehe...

Yah, itulah.. sebenernya skripsi itu tidak sulit, dan yang menentukan bukanlah masalah "pinter" atau "bodoh" (maaf) di sini, ya walaupun pinter itu hal yang mutlak, tapi setidaknya kita tahu apa yang kita kerjakan dan yang paling penting adalah "tekun & giat." Percumakan pinter tapi pemalas..hehe Buat ane sendiri ngerjain skripsi itu kayak nguras bak mandi pake sendok, nguras sumur pake gayung, ato mungkin nguras laut pake ember, alias lama, ribet, dan kudu sabar. Tapi, kalo kita yakin bisa, segala sesuatu pasti tidak sesulit yang dibayangkan.
Nih ane punya beberapa tips yang ane simpulin berdasarkan perasaan ane, juga temen2 laen.

1. Jaga Semangat
Menjaga semangat itu menurut pengalaman ane susah-susah gampang, tergantung mood juga. Tapi garis besarnya masalah di bawah ini yang kadang bikin ane termotivasi buat ngerjain skripsi:
- deadline progress report presentation tinggal 2 hari lagi
- Orang tua ane  telpon “kapan Ibu dateng wisudamu?”
- setiap kali ketemu teman, percakapan tidak jauh2 dari “gimana skripsi mu?”
Apapun alasannya, entah itu calon mertua yang ingin menantu seorang sarjana, jalan2 ke luar negri, apapun, jadikan itu motivasi paling ampuh untuk menjadi seorang replika karyawan seven eleven: melototin monitor komputer dari jam 7 pagi sampe 11 malam, demi skripsi.

2. Jangan diam
Kalau tidak bisa melaju kencang, berlarilah. Kalau tidak bisa berlari, berjalan cepat, atau merangkak kalau perlu. Yang pasti, jangan cuma berkutat di Bab yang melulu itu. Intinya, kerjakan apapun yang bisa duluan. ane pernah baca bukunya gaya memimpin ala SBY:
ada quotes yang bilang gini "you can't beat something with nothing" artinya orang yang berusaha, mengerjakan sesuatu-sekecil apapun itu, pasti selangkah lebih maju dari orang yang tidak melakukan apa-apa.walaupu orang itu cerdas.. Be a swallow then you can fly and don't be calf..

2. Penelitian TA mu yang terbaik
Tidak percaya diri dengan tema penelitian sendiri? Sering dibilang “tema kacangan”? Apapun komentar negatif teman, dosen, siapapun, jangan terlalu dipedulikan.  yang terpenting adalah kamu tahu apa yang kamu kerjain & yang pasti kamu bisa ngeyakinin orang bahwa skripsi mu itu bakal bermanfaat dan memberikan kontribusi nantinya, "keep fighting then"

3. Tunjukkan kepada dosen pembimbing kalo kamu bisa di andalkan
Anda sudah lama tidak menghadap dosen? Atau (lebih parah) sudah lupa nama panjang beliau? Tenang, semuanya tidak akan sesulit yang kita bayangkan. Kalau ditanya “kok ndak keliatan?”, bilang aja “saya kawin Pak” atau “saya sibuk ternak sapi”. Kalau katanya komik 20th century boys, “kalau kamu tidak punya hal baik untuk dikenang, masih ada waktu untuk membuatnya, dari sekarang”.
Kalau disuruh datang jam 12, datanglah jam 12. Kalau disuruh menunggu, menunggulah. Kalau disuruh menghapus dua halaman yang Anda buat sampai tidak tidur, hapuslah. Lakukan apapun yang disarankannya, dan jadilah robot. Santai, ini tidak akan selamanya. Yang penting, berikan persepsi bahwa kita ini bener2 niat mengerjakan skripsi. Setiap selesai bimbingan, bilang terima kasih, dan tanya kapan beliau ada waktu lagi. Bergairahlah. Dan dunia akan turut bergairah.

4. Berkumpullah bersama orang2 yang tepat
Bergaul bersama kawan2 seperdjoeangan(baca:yang juga bersemangat mengerjakan TA) tentu membantu banyak. Kamu bisa tanya kalau ada masalah, tukar pikiran bila ragu, atau koreksi bila salah. Kalau kumpul dengan yang kerjaannya maen gitar atau Football Manager, negrumpi, gosip yaah.. selamat datang saja di The Procrastinator Club. And prepare for your two digits semester..hahahaha (ngakak puas)

5. Part-time jobs are enemies
Suatu waktu, abah ane pernah bilang “biasanya kalau kamu udah bisa ngerasa cari duit sendiri, sekolahmu kacau”. Istilah lainnya, “money, woman, education. Take any two”. Kalau ada tawaran kerja sampingan, jangan diambil dulu. Nanti2 saja. Ingat, ijazah terakhir Anda baru ijazah SMA.
“Tapi, kan duitnya bisa buat tambahan beli buku, baju, beli makan?” Ya, emang sih, tapi nanti berlanjut terus untuk part-time lainnya. Kamu bakal berputar2 di situ saja, dan skripsi pun jadi terbengkalai.

6. "Enjoy the time when you're writing"

Apapun yang kita kerjakan dengan ikhlas, dan kita menikmatinya, pasti akan terasa mudah. Percaya deh. Jujur, suatu saat pasti kamu justru merasa kangen masa-masa pertama kamu ngerjain skripsi. Masa-masa mencari bahan kesana kemari, mengejar-ngejar dosen pembimbing, menunggu dosen pembimbing, begadang buat ngetik sampai pagi. Menurut saya, saat-saat itu benar-benar sangat seru dan menyenangkan.

Jadi, nikmati masa-masa kamu menulis skripsi, karena masa itu ga akan pernah terulang lagi. Apapun yang kita kerjakan dengan ikhlas, dengan perasaan senang, dan dengan usaha yang maksimal, hasilnya juga pasti akan maksimal juga kok.

Teman, tentu kalian uda pernah/mungkin sering mendengar bahwa ‘waktu ibarat pedang’. Kalau kita tidak pandai memanfaatkannya, jadilah dia musuh kita, mendzolimi kita. Namun sebaliknya, bila kita pandai memanfaatkannya, dia adalah sahabat yang baik.

 Semangat kawan!!